Winning folks over to her point of view extended to her customers at her grocery store and members of her community through her civic involvements. According to Ilyasah Shabazz, her niece, her grandmother lived for a brief period in a space adjoining the store.
Her brother, Reginald, she said was mostly responsible for that. Reginald died in , and when Hilda died in at age 93, all of her brothers and her sister were deceased. The youngest brother, Robert, who was in fact a half-brother, died in Lansing in Laura Malcolm's first love; daughter of a respectable Roxbury family.
Jilted by Malcolm for Sophia, she later turned to drugs and prostitution. Sophia White woman in Boston who had a long-standing affair with Malcolm, although she was married to a white man. Later Malcolm's partner along with her sister and Shorty in a burglary ring. West Indian Archie A Harlem numbers operator; once a friend of Malcolm, but he turned against him when he suspected that Malcolm had cheated him.
Bimbi Fellow convict of Malcolm at Charlestown Prison; taught Malcolm to respect and value education again. Wallace D. Fard He does not appear in the book, but he was a major influence upon Malcolm through Elijah Muhammad. The "Messenger of Allah," he first met Elijah Muhammad in Detroit in ; taught Elijah Muhammad the doctrines of the new religion and named him his successor. He disappeared in He dropped out of school at the age of fifteen. Living with his sister in Boston, Massachusetts, Malcolm worked as a shoeshine boy, a busboy, and a waiter.
In Boston Malcolm began visiting the black ghetto an area of a city where a minority lives of Roxbury. There, he was drawn to the neighborhood's street life. He began wearing flashy clothing and jumped into a criminal life that included gambling, selling drugs, and burglary. In Malcolm moved to New York City's Harlem neighborhood where he continued his unlawful lifestyle.
He adapted well to the New York City street life and rose quickly in the criminal world. Malcolm became known as Detroit Red, for his red shock of hair.
When the police uncovered his criminal activities, Malcolm returned to Boston. In , at the age of twenty, Malcolm was sentenced to ten years in prison for burglary. While in prison he began to transform his life. He began reading books on history, philosophy, and religion. In prison his brother Reginald visited him and told Malcolm about the Black Muslims.
The leader of the group was Elijah Muhammad — Malcolm began to study Muhammad's teachings and to practice the religion faithfully. These teachings taught that the white man is evil and doomed by Allah to destruction. Also, the teachings stressed that the best course for black people is to separate themselves from Western, white civilization—culturally, politically, physically, and psychologically.
The Black Muslim teachings also prohibited personal habits such as smoking, drinking, and the eating of pork. In addition Malcolm X. There he was accepted into the movement and given the name of Malcolm X. Malcolm believed the "X" represented his "slave" name that was forever lost after being raised in a mainly white nation.
Malcolm X became assistant minister of the Detroit Mosque, or Muslim house of worship. The following year he returned to Chicago to study personally under Muhammad, and shortly thereafter was sent to organize a mosque in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In he went to lead the mosque in Harlem. Malcolm X soon became the most visible national spokesman for the Black Muslims. As the voice of the organization he was a speech-writer, a philosopher, and an inspiring speaker who was often quoted by the media.
His debating talents against white and black opponents helped spread the movement's message. At this time in the United States there was a major movement for racial integration, or bringing the races together in peace.
He later sues New York City for police brutality and wins the largest settlement in its history. Media coverage of the Hinton incident brings Malcolm national attention, and the FBI, which has kept a file on Malcolm since , now considers him a "key figure" meriting significant surveillance.
Police harassment of Malcolm and his family escalates. July New York television begins airing a five-part documentary by Mike Wallace entitled The Hate that Hate Produced, which Wallace calls "a study of the rise of black racism, of a call for black supremacy among a small but growing segment of the American Negro population.
Despite its negative tone, the documentary spurs increased interest and growing membership in the Nation of Islam. In Malcolm's words, "it seems that everywhere I went telephones were ringing. The Nation becomes increasingly involved in a series of other successful business ventures, opening restaurants and grocery stores.
Despite initial resistance from Malcolm, who accuses him of being the white man's spy, black writer Alex Haley composes an article about the Nation of Islam entitled "Mr. Haley later conducts a interview with Malcolm for Playboy magazine, which to Malcolm's surprise agrees to and then prints his answers verbatim. Malcolm arranges for Fidel Castro and his entourage to stay at the Hotel Theresa after they are refused accommodation at a downtown hotel. This creates resentment among Muhammad's inner circle who do not want Malcolm to be the next leader.
Malcolm is increasingly asked to lecture on college campuses eventually he will trail only Barry Goldwater in popularity as a speaker there and participate in television and radio debates. He says the police shot "innocent unarmed Black men in cold blood" and urges action.
But Elijah Muhammad resists calls for an aggressive response. An all-white coroner's jury deliberates about Stokes' killing for 23 minutes and terms it "justifiable homicide. Later this year, Malcolm confirms that Elijah Muhammad has engaged in repeated adultery and had children with at least three of his young secretaries. Although, in Haley's words, "We got off to a very poor start," eventually Malcolm warms to the project and begins to share the details of his life.
The three men agree that Muhammad's behavior will be defended by likening it to that of several Old Testament prophets. But when Malcolm describes the idea to several other Nation of Islam ministers, he is accused of inflaming the situation.
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